Media Review: Türkiye Urges Measured U.S. Approach to Iran

Media Review: Türkiye Urges Measured U.S. Approach to Iran

    Wednesday, January 28, 2026   No comments

Türkiye's Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan has urged the United States to pursue a gradual, issue-by-issue strategy in resolving disputes with Iran, warning that sweeping demands could provoke Tehran's rejection by appearing deliberately humiliating to its leadership.

In an exclusive interview with Al Jazeera published Thursday, Fidan advocated for what he described as a pragmatic diplomatic pathway: closing negotiations on discrete issues—beginning with Iran's nuclear program—rather than insisting on a comprehensive settlement covering all points of contention simultaneously.

"My advice always to the American friends: close the files one by one with Iranians. Start with nuclear, close it, then the other, then the other," Fidan said. "If you put them as a package all of them, it will be very difficult for our Iranian friends to digest. It sometimes might seem humiliating for them. It will be very difficult to explain to not only themselves, but also to the leadership."

The remarks come amid renewed diplomatic maneuvering between Washington and Tehran following months of heightened tensions over Iran's advancing nuclear activities and regional proxy conflicts. Fidan noted that Iranian officials have signaled willingness to re-engage on nuclear talks—a development he characterized as an opportunity for de-escalation if approached carefully.

Fidan also reiterated Türkiye's firm opposition to military intervention against Iran, stating it would be "wrong to start the war again"—an apparent reference to the destabilizing consequences of past conflicts in the Middle East. As a NATO member sharing a 500-kilometer border with Iran, Türkiye has long positioned itself as a regional mediator, leveraging its complex relationships with both Western powers and Tehran to advocate for dialogue over confrontation.

Analysts suggest Fidan's comments reflect Ankara's broader foreign policy recalibration under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, which emphasizes Türkiye's role as an independent diplomatic actor in a multipolar world. By cautioning against approaches that could corner Iran's leadership, Türkiye appears to be positioning itself as a potential facilitator in any future U.S.-Iran negotiations—a role it played during the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action talks.

The U.S. State Department did not immediately respond to requests for comment on Fidan's recommendations. However, sources familiar with ongoing interagency discussions indicate that Washington remains divided on whether to pursue incremental agreements with Tehran or hold out for a broader framework addressing nuclear restrictions, ballistic missile development, and regional security concerns.

Fidan's intervention underscores the delicate balance regional powers must strike as great-power competition intensifies in the Middle East. With Türkiye maintaining trade ties with Iran despite U.S. sanctions—and simultaneously deepening defense cooperation with Washington—the foreign minister's appeal for step-by-step diplomacy may reflect both principle and pragmatic statecraft.

As nuclear talks remain stalled and regional flashpoints multiply, Fidan's warning carries weight: in diplomacy, as in politics, the manner of engagement may prove as consequential as the substance of demands.

Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister, Kazem Gharibabadi

'Negotiations with the U.S. are not our priority at the moment. Iran's priority is ensuring 200% readiness to defend our country.'

Media Review: U.S. Multitrack Foreign Interventions Push Superpower to the Brink

Media Review: U.S. Multitrack Foreign Interventions Push Superpower to the Brink

    Sunday, January 18, 2026   No comments

In a world already teetering on the edge of geopolitical realignment, the United States—under President Donald J. Trump’s second administration—has launched an unprecedented wave of coercive foreign interventions that may be testing the very limits of superpower endurance. From Arctic ambitions to Middle Eastern brinkmanship and African strategic contests, Washington’s simultaneous pressure campaigns across multiple continents are triggering a global counter-reaction with historic implications.

The Greenland Gambit: Tariffs as Geopolitical Leverage

At the heart of this escalation lies a surreal yet strategically serious episode: the U.S. demand for the “complete and total purchase of Greenland.” In a January 2026 Truth Social post, President Trump declared that national security—and even “World Peace”—depends on American control of the Danish autonomous territory. Citing the need to integrate Greenland into the so-called “Golden Dome” missile defense system, Trump announced sweeping tariffs on eight European nations—Denmark, Norway, Sweden, France, Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, and Finland—starting at 10% in February and rising to 25% by June unless a deal is struck.

The move stunned allies and adversaries alike. French President Emmanuel Macron responded swiftly, declaring on X (formerly Twitter): “No intimidation or threat will influence us—neither in Ukraine, nor in Greenland, nor anywhere else.” He emphasized that European participation in Danish-led Arctic exercises was a matter of continental security, not provocation. The EU has signaled a unified response, warning that tariff coercion over sovereign territory sets a dangerous precedent.

Greenland, though small in population, sits at the nexus of Arctic resource competition and emerging military corridors. But Trump’s framing—equating tariff policy with planetary survival—reveals a broader strategy: using economic instruments not just as leverage, but as weapons of submission.

A Global List of Targets: From Caracas to Pretoria

This approach extends far beyond the Arctic. In a brazen operation reminiscent of Cold War-era coups, the U.S. executed a “made-for-TV” abduction of Venezuela’s president and his wife from their bedroom—an act designed less for regime change alone than for psychological deterrence. The message was clear: defiance invites humiliation.

The list of targeted nations now reads like a who’s who of global resistance: Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Iran, Nigeria, South Africa—even close partners like Denmark. Each faces a tailored mix of sanctions, tariffs, military posturing, or covert pressure. Yet unlike past eras of unipolar dominance, today’s targets are not isolated. Many are turning to Beijing and Moscow for support, accelerating a multipolar realignment.

Nowhere is this more evident than in South Africa. Following BRICS+ naval exercises involving Russia, China, and Iran off its coast, Washington issued sharp condemnations, calling Pretoria’s actions a threat to U.S. national security. But rather than cowing South Africa, the rebuke galvanized deeper strategic cooperation among non-Western powers.

The Iranian Flashpoint: When Deterrence Worked

Perhaps the most dramatic test came in early January 2026. After the U.S. ordered all citizens to evacuate Iran—a classic prelude to military action—and positioned the USS Gerald R. Ford carrier strike group in the Persian Gulf, war seemed imminent. Trump declared “all options are open” and slapped 25% tariffs on any nation trading with Tehran, aiming for total economic isolation.

But Iran did not buckle. Millions of its citizens took to the streets in a show of nationalist resolve. More critically, Russia and China intervened—not with rhetoric, but with credible threats. According to intelligence sources, Russian President Vladimir Putin delivered a stark ultimatum: if the U.S. launched a full-scale war, Moscow would supply Iran with advanced anti-ship missiles capable of sinking an American aircraft carrier. Simultaneously, China drew its own red line, opposing any use of force.

The result? A stunning reversal. Within 48 hours, internal dissent within the U.S. national security apparatus—led by Vice President JD Vance and senior generals—forced a retreat. The Abraham Lincoln carrier, originally en route to the South China Sea, was diverted to the Gulf, exposing critical gaps in U.S. global force projection. Trump’s “72-hour countdown” evaporated into a two-week diplomatic window.

This episode marked a turning point: the first time in decades that coordinated great-power deterrence successfully checked American military adventurism.

The Starlink Shadow War: Electronic Frontiers

Even in the realm of information warfare, the U.S. finds itself outmaneuvered. Unconfirmed reports suggest Iran is now deploying Russia’s “Tobol” electronic warfare system—a satellite-jamming platform proven in Ukraine—to neutralize Starlink terminals used by rioters. If verified, this would represent a major leap in asymmetric capabilities, turning Elon Musk’s commercial satellite network into a vulnerability rather than an asset.

Should mobile variants of Tobol reach battlefields like Ukraine or the South China Sea, the U.S. and its allies could face sudden communication blackouts during critical operations. The irony is palpable: a technology hailed as a tool of democratic resistance may become a vector for detection and destruction.

Regime Change Redux—and Its Limits

Despite these setbacks, the Trump administration continues to openly advocate for regime change in Iran. “It’s time to look for new leadership,” Trump declared, calling Iran “the worst place to live” and blaming Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei for internal unrest. Yet such rhetoric rings hollow when the U.S. lacks the capacity to enforce it—militarily, economically, or diplomatically.

The core problem is overextension. Attempting to simultaneously coerce Europe over Greenland, destabilize Latin America, contain China in the Pacific, confront Russia in Eurasia, and overthrow regimes in the Middle East is a strategy no single power—even a superpower—can sustain indefinitely. The world is no longer unipolar; it is contested, interconnected, and increasingly resistant to unilateral diktats.

A New Era of Multipolar Deterrence

What we are witnessing is not merely a series of crises, but the birth pangs of a new international order. The U.S. remains powerful, but its ability to dictate outcomes is waning. Russia and China, once reactive, are now proactive—coordinating military drills, sharing advanced technologies, and offering alternative security architectures to nations weary of American pressure.

As French President Macron implied, sovereignty is no longer a privilege granted by Washington—it is a right asserted by nations, often in concert. The lesson of January 2026 is clear: in a multipolar world, even the strongest empire can overreach. And when it does, the world pushes back—not with declarations, but with fleets, tariffs, and the quiet calculus of mutual deterrence. The 20th century ended with American triumphalism. The 21st may be defined by its limits.

Historic China-Canada Trade Reset Signals a Shifting Global Order

Historic China-Canada Trade Reset Signals a Shifting Global Order

    Friday, January 16, 2026   No comments

 In a landmark diplomatic and economic breakthrough, Canada and China have agreed to slash bilateral tariffs on key goods—including electric vehicles (EVs), canola, and seafood—marking what Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney called a “historic reset” of relations strained for nearly a decade. The agreement, finalized during Carney’s state visit to Beijing—the first by a Canadian prime minister since 2017—comes not only in the wake of long-standing trade tensions but also amid growing global resistance to America’s increasingly unilateral economic coercion.

The Enduring Fallout of Trump-Era Protectionism—and Its Escalation

The roots of today’s China-Canada trade thaw lie in the turbulence unleashed by the Trump administration’s aggressive tariff regime. Beginning in 2018, Washington imposed sweeping duties on Chinese goods, triggering retaliatory measures from Beijing and setting off a chain reaction that ensnared allied economies like Canada’s. When Ottawa aligned with U.S.-led sanctions on Chinese EVs in 2024—imposing a blanket 100% tariff—Beijing responded by targeting Canadian agricultural exports, particularly canola, with tariffs soaring to 84%. The fallout was swift: by 2025, China’s imports of Canadian goods had dropped by 10.4%, hitting farmers and rural communities hardest.

Now, both nations are stepping back from the brink. Under the new deal, Canada will allow up to 49,000 Chinese EVs annually at a reduced 6.1% most-favored-nation tariff, while China will lower its canola seed tariff to approximately 15%. The changes take effect March 1, 2026, and are expected to unlock billions in trade across agriculture, fisheries, and clean tech sectors.

But this reset is not just about mending past wounds—it’s a strategic recalibration in response to a broader American policy trend that threatens global economic stability.

New U.S. Tariffs on Iran Partners Backfire Before They Even Take Effect

Adding fuel to this realignment is the Biden administration’s recently announced plan to impose 25% punitive tariffs on any country that conducts significant trade with Iran—a move ostensibly aimed at isolating Tehran but one that risks alienating two of the world’s largest economies: China and India. Both nations are among Iran’s top trading partners, with China alone importing over $20 billion in Iranian oil annually under long-term energy agreements, often settled in yuan or rupees to bypass U.S. financial controls.

Rather than compelling compliance, this latest U.S. sanction threat is accelerating a counter-movement. Countries unwilling to sacrifice lucrative partnerships with Iran—or bow to Washington’s extraterritorial demands—are deepening ties with China as a hedge against American economic coercion. The Canada-China deal is just the latest example. Similar overtures are already underway from Gulf states like the UAE and Saudi Arabia, which—while maintaining security ties with the U.S.—are quietly expanding yuan-denominated trade, joint infrastructure projects, and technology partnerships with Beijing.

As one Asian diplomat recently confided: “If doing business with half the world means being punished by Washington, then we must build alternatives that don’t depend on it.”

Prime Minister Carney made this shift explicit. Speaking after his meeting with President Xi Jinping, he warned that “the architecture, the multilateral system is being eroded—undercut.” His reference to a “new global order” reflects a sober recognition: the era of unquestioned U.S. economic leadership is ending—not because of Chinese aggression, but because of American overreach.

President Xi reinforced this vision, stating: “A divided world cannot address the common challenges facing humanity. The solution lies in upholding and practicing true multilateralism.” Notably, both leaders pledged to expand cooperation in green technology, critical minerals, and food security—sectors central to future economic sovereignty.

Carney set an ambitious goal: a 50% increase in Canadian exports to China by 2030. Achieving it would not only revive rural economies but also position Canada as a pragmatic player in a multipolar trade system—one where loyalty is earned through partnership, not enforced through tariffs.

The Self-Defeating Logic of Economic Coercion

The irony is stark. By wielding tariffs as weapons—first against China, now against any nation engaging with Iran—the United States is not strengthening its global position but weakening it. Each new sanction pushes traditional allies and neutral economies closer to Beijing’s orbit, not out of ideological alignment, but out of economic necessity and strategic self-preservation.

The Canada-China reset is not an isolated event. It is a harbinger. As more nations conclude that reliance on U.S. markets comes with unacceptable political risk, they will seek alternatives. And China—offering market access without political strings—is ready to fill the void. In the long run, America’s tariff wars may succeed only in hastening the very multipolar world it fears.

Media Review: NYT, Trump Supports [Iranian] Protesters, [but] Those Protesting Him

Media Review: NYT, Trump Supports [Iranian] Protesters, [but] Those Protesting Him

    Thursday, January 15, 2026   No comments

In the span of a single week, two starkly different narratives of protest unfolded—one in Minneapolis, another in Tehran—each met with radically divergent responses from the same U.S. administration. The contrast reveals not just political hypocrisy, but a deeper, more troubling pattern: the instrumentalization of human rights as a tool of foreign policy convenience, while domestic dissent—especially when it challenges state power—is branded as terrorism.

At the heart of this dissonance lies the killing of a U.S. citizen, a woman who, according to eyewitnesses and preliminary reports, attempted to drive away from Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents who tried to forcibly remove her from her vehicle. In response, an ICE agent shot her three times in the face, killing her instantly. Despite clear questions about the proportionality and legality of the use of lethal force, the Trump administration swiftly labeled her a “left-wing lunatic” and a “domestic terrorist.” Federal law enforcement agencies refused to investigate the shooting, instead calling for probes into the victim and her family—a chilling inversion of justice that treats the dead as suspects and the armed state as infallible.

Peaceful protesters soon gathered across the country, many carrying whistles and signs, chanting for accountability. Their demonstrations were, by most accounts, disciplined and nonviolent—perhaps shaped by the very real fear of how heavily armed federal agents respond to unarmed citizens. Yet their calls for justice were drowned out by official rhetoric that equated protest with sedition.

Meanwhile, half a world away, President Trump took to social media and press briefings to champion Iranian protesters—not those advocating peaceful reform, but those engaging in armed insurrection. Media reports showed protesters who took to the streets armed, carried out attacks, and recorded the attacks themselves on their mobile phones, which they then shared on social media. Trump openly encouraged this kind of violence, urging Iranians to “take over your cities,” and threatened military action against Iran if its government used force against demonstrators. Reports indicate that some of these Iranian protesters, allegedly supplied with weapons from external sources, not only killed more than 200 security personnel but also attacked mosques and other places of worship—acts widely condemned within Iran as sacrilegious and deeply destabilizing.

Acts of violence occurred during previous demonstrations; however, the perpetrators were careful to conceal their identities. What is particularly striking in the recent incidents is the tendency of those who burned mosques, religious schools, public buildings, and shrines belonging to the descendants of the Imams to reveal their identities. This brazenness can be explained in part by a statement made by U.S. President Donald Trump—“If they kill the protesters, I will strike Iran very hard”—which encouraged members of the organizations participating in the protests, made them more aggressive, and prompted them to engage in provocative actions.

Members of armed groups, who perceived “strong support” from the United States behind them, sought to provoke attacks by Iranian security forces and thereby confer a sense of “legitimacy” on potential U.S. strikes against Iran.

Videos recorded during the burning of public buildings, mosques, shrines, and religious schools, as well as during the torture (lynching) of captured security personnel, were circulated on social media with the aim of provoking the security forces.

Furthermore, calls by numerous American figures—most notably U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo—urging President Trump to intervene in Iran constituted a significant source of motivation for the groups that transformed the protests into acts of violence.

These attacks on sacred sites proved pivotal. They alienated ordinary Iranians who might otherwise have sympathized with calls for reform, prompting counter-protests and widespread public backlash. This internal fracture gave the Iranian government the political cover—and popular justification—to escalate its crackdown, ultimately shutting down all protests, violent or peaceful alike. What began as a wave of dissent was extinguished not just by state violence, but by the self-sabotaging extremism of factions emboldened by foreign encouragement.

Yet in Washington, these same armed rioters are hailed as “freedom fighters” and “patriots.”

This glaring double standard was recently examined—though not fully confronted—in a New York Times analysis titled “Trump Supports the Protesters, Except Those Protesting Him.” The piece juxtaposed images of Minneapolis and Tehran to underscore the administration’s selective empathy: protest is noble when it destabilizes geopolitical rivals, but treasonous when it questions American authority.

What the Times only hinted at, however, is the racialized and religious undercurrent driving this inconsistency. The U.S. protester was a woman whose life was deemed expendable the moment she resisted state intrusion. Her death was not mourned; it was justified. In contrast, Iranian rioters, despite committing acts of violence that included desecrating religious spaces and killing scores of people, are romanticized because their rebellion serves U.S. strategic interests in weakening the Iranian government.

This is cynical commodification of human suffering. Western governments, and the media that often echoes their framing, treat Muslim lives as transactional: valuable only when their pain can be leveraged to justify intervention, sanctions, or regime change. 

Human rights advocates have long warned against this selective morality. Universal rights cannot be universal only when convenient. The right to protest, to be free from arbitrary state violence, to receive impartial investigation after death—these should not hinge on geography, religion, or whether one’s resistance aligns with U.S. foreign policy goals.

The killing in Minneapolis was not just a failure of law enforcement—it was a symptom of a broader moral collapse. As long as Western leaders can praise armed insurrection overseas—even when it targets houses of worship—while criminalizing peaceful dissent at home, the notion of human rights remains hollow, weaponized not to protect the vulnerable, but to advance power.

Media Coverage of the Protests in Iran

As with the actions of the administration, the U.S. press has framed its reporting to serve the same objective: mobilizing the streets and increasing pressure on the Iranian government.

At the same time as the protests continued in Iran, American and Western media outlets published reports containing multiple sensitive allegations with misleading content.

The British newspaper The Times claimed that Ayatollah Khamenei was preparing to flee to Russia with his family and close associates, asserting that Russian cargo aircraft were present in Tehran and that the country’s gold reserves would be transported abroad. Another report, published by the French newspaper Le Figaro, alleged that senior Iranian officials—including the Speaker of the Iranian Parliament, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf—had applied for entry visas to France. American and Israeli media outlets likewise chose to disseminate misleading reports regarding the protests in Iran.

In reality, these reports aimed to escalate internal tensions in Iran by conveying the message that “the regime is on the verge of collapse.” However, because the reports were not based on any credible information or evidence, they failed to generate serious credibility either within Iran or internationally. Iranian officials did not even deem it necessary to issue denials. Nevertheless, the reports circulated widely on social media, causing a brief period of confusion.

Indonesia Becomes First Country to Block Grok Over AI-Generated Sexualized Content

Indonesia Becomes First Country to Block Grok Over AI-Generated Sexualized Content

    Sunday, January 11, 2026   No comments

Indonesia has made global headlines by becoming the first nation to temporarily block access to Grok, the artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Elon Musk’s xAI, citing serious concerns over AI-generated pornographic and sexualized imagery—including depictions of children.

The decision by Indonesia’s Ministry of Communications and Digital Affairs follows mounting international scrutiny of Grok’s image-generation capabilities, which have reportedly produced explicit and non-consensual content. In a statement, Communications and Digital Minister Meutya Hafid emphasized the gravity of the issue: “The government views the practice of non-consensual sexual deepfakes as a serious violation of human rights, dignity, and the security of citizens in the digital space.”

This unprecedented move underscores growing regulatory anxiety worldwide about the unchecked power of generative AI tools. Authorities in Europe and Asia have already launched investigations or issued condemnations regarding similar content generated through Grok, but Indonesia is the first to take concrete action by restricting public access entirely.

In response to the backlash, xAI announced it would limit Grok’s image generation and editing features exclusively to paying subscribers while it works to strengthen its content safeguards. The company acknowledged that lapses in its safety protocols had allowed users to generate disturbing outputs, including images of scantily clad minors—a violation not only of ethical standards but also of Indonesian law.

The ministry has also summoned officials from X (formerly Twitter), the platform hosting Grok, for discussions on how to address these risks moving forward. The meeting is expected to focus on accountability, user verification, and enhanced moderation systems.

Elon Musk addressed the controversy directly on X, asserting that users who employ Grok to create illegal content would face the same legal consequences as if they had uploaded such material themselves. However, when Reuters sought comment from xAI, the company responded with what appeared to be an automated message: “Legacy Media Lies”—a phrase Musk and his associates have used in the past to dismiss critical reporting.

Digital rights advocates and child protection organizations have welcomed Indonesia’s swift action, calling it a necessary step in curbing the proliferation of AI-generated abuse material. “When AI tools can produce realistic images of children in sexualized contexts, even if synthetic, the psychological and societal harm is real,” said Dr. Lina Wijaya, a Jakarta-based researcher specializing in digital ethics.

As governments worldwide grapple with how to regulate fast-evolving AI technologies, Indonesia’s move may set a precedent. With calls for stricter oversight intensifying, the Grok controversy highlights the urgent need for robust safeguards, transparent accountability, and international cooperation to prevent AI from becoming a vector for exploitation.

For now, Grok remains inaccessible to Indonesian users—a symbolic and substantive warning to tech companies that innovation without responsibility will not go unchallenged.

Other countries may follow

In a significant escalation of the regional response, Malaysia has now joined Indonesia in suspending access to Elon Musk’s Grok AI chatbot, citing serious concerns over its capacity to generate pornographic and sexualized imagery—including depictions of women and children. The Malaysian Communications and Digital Ministry announced the move on Sunday, confirming that the suspension was enacted as a precautionary measure to protect public safety and uphold national values. This decision comes just one day after Indonesia became the first country globally to block Grok entirely, signaling a coordinated pushback across Southeast Asia against AI tools perceived as lacking adequate ethical safeguards. Like Indonesia, Malaysia enforces strict regulations on digital content involving sexuality and minors, and authorities emphasized that Grok’s failure to prevent harmful outputs—even through basic text prompts—posed an unacceptable risk. The twin bans from two influential Muslim-majority nations not only intensify pressure on xAI and X but also highlight a growing divide between Silicon Valley’s rapid AI deployment and the cultural, legal, and moral frameworks of countries where such content is not merely controversial but criminal. With more nations potentially following suit, the Grok controversy may mark a turning point in how emerging markets assert regulatory sovereignty over powerful Western AI platforms.

Saudi Arabia Problem 

The fallout from Indonesia’s ban could also reverberate beyond Grok itself—potentially straining X’s relationship with its major financial backers, particularly Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF), which holds a significant stake in the platform. The Kingdom, under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, has invested billions in Musk’s ventures, including a reported $2 billion in X, as part of its broader Vision 2030 strategy to diversify its economy and project a modernizing image. Yet this investment now sits uneasily alongside Saudi Arabia’s ultra-conservative social norms, where even mild sexual content is strictly censored and AI-generated pornography—especially involving minors—would be considered deeply taboo and illegal. Should Grok’s controversies escalate further, Saudi leadership may face mounting domestic pressure to either publicly condemn the platform’s content or divest entirely, exposing a stark contradiction between their global tech ambitions and rigid cultural values. Such a dilemma could force Riyadh into an uncomfortable position: defend an AI tool generating morally unacceptable material or acknowledge that their high-profile bet on Musk’s vision clashes with the very foundations of their societal order.

GCC is on the line: How Bahrain Emerged as a New Front in the Growing Saudi-Emirati Rift

GCC is on the line: How Bahrain Emerged as a New Front in the Growing Saudi-Emirati Rift

    Saturday, January 10, 2026   No comments

Media review: An exclusive report from Darkbox (France)

Confidential sources revealed to Darkbox that Saudi forces, specifically the Peninsula Shield Force, withdrew from Bahrain following a sharp political and security dispute between Saudi Arabia and the Bahraini government.

According to these sources, the withdrawal was neither routine nor planned, but rather a consequence of escalating tensions between Riyadh and Abu Dhabi, with Manama finding itself caught in the middle.

The sources describe this move as highly unusual, given the long-standing Saudi military presence in Bahrain and the Kingdom's traditional role as a key guarantor of Bahrain's security. They say the decision to withdraw the forces came after a breakdown in coordination and trust, resulting from what Saudi officials perceived as Bahrain's alignment with Emirati positions that conflicted with Saudi interests.